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This excerpt from Rebecca Barr and RobertDreeben’s book, How Schools Work, discussesthe functioning of schools and classrooms.The authors examine different levelsof Organization (units of analysis) from districtoffices to instructional groups in classrooms;they identify distinct events that takeplace in each unit, and how what happensin one unit affects others. They also discussthe roles and division of labor of some participants.Within classrooms there areinstructional groups, often by ability level ofstudents. Organization of time is anotherdeterminant of how schools work. From thelength of the class period and day to thenumber of days in a year, the way time isstructured affects opportunities to learn. Theimportance of this excerpt is in providing themethods and framework needed to understandthe organization of educationalsystems and how schools work.Fonte